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Bringing Nanotechnology to Health Care for the poor

Nanotechnology uses matter at the level of molecules and atoms. Researchers are finding different uses for particles with a length of one nanometer, or one-billionth of a meter. These include things like beauty products1 and dirt-resistant clothing. But one area where many experts believe nanotechnology holds great promise is medicine.

Last week, speakers at a program in Washington discussed using nanotechnology to improve health care in developing countries. The program took place at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Peter Singer at the University of Toronto says a nanotechnology called quantum dots2 could be used to confirm cases of malaria. He says it could offer a better way than the traditional process of looking at a person’s blood under a microscope.

In poor countries, this process is often not followed. As a result, sick people may get treated for malaria even if they do not have it. Such misuse of medicines can lead to drug resistance. Quantum dots are particles that give off3 light when activated. Researchers are studying ways to program them to identify diseases by lighting up in the presence of targeted molecule. 4

Experts say nanotechnology shows promise not just for diagnosing diseases, but also for treating them. Piotr Grodzinski of the National Institutes of Health5 talked about how nanotechnology could make drugs more effective. He talked about cancer drugs already developed with nanotechnology. He says if a drug can target a cancer locally in the body, then much less of it might be needed, and that means lower side effects.6

Andrew Maynard is chief scientist for the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies at the Woodrow Wilson Center. He noted that Brazil, India, China and South Africa are currently doing nanotechnology research that could help poor countries. But he also noted that there is some risk in using nano-materials. He says nanometer-sized particles behave differently in the body and the environment compared to larger particles7. Experts say more investment in research is needed to better understand these risks.

注釋：

1. beauty product:美容產(chǎn)品

2. quantum dot (QD):量子點(diǎn)�？扇〈鷤鹘y(tǒng)染色法,成為細(xì)胞內(nèi)的突光標(biāo)記物,可進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)時(shí)間、多分子、同時(shí)檢測(cè)。

3. give off:放出;發(fā)出(蒸汽、光線、煙霧、氣味等)

4. Researchers are studying ways to program them to identify diseases by lighting up in the presence of a targeted molecule.研究人員正在研究為它們編程的方法,以便如果有靶分子存在時(shí)能通過(guò)發(fā)光辨認(rèn)疾病。light up點(diǎn)燈;發(fā)光。targeted molecule:靶分子。

5. National Institutes of Health (NIH)：國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究院

6. side effect:副作用

7. compared to larger particles:如果與大一點(diǎn)的顆粒比較起來(lái)的話。這是一個(gè)過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ),作條件狀語(yǔ)。

練習(xí)：

1. Which of the following uses of nanotechnology is NOT mentioned in the passage?

A. To make beauty products and dirt-resistant clothing.

B. To produce better and lighter building materials.

C. To help more accurately diagnose diseases.

D. To help more effectively treat diseases.

2. How can quantum dots be used to confirm diseases?

A. By traditionally looking at a person’s blood under a microscope.

B. By letting a person take some kind of medicine.

C. By lighting up in the presence of a targeted molecule.

D. By subjecting a person to an X-ray examination.

3. How can nanotechnology be used to make a drug more effective?

A. By making a drug target the focus of a disease.

B. By changing the structure of the body cells.

C. By lowering the side effects caused by a drug.

D. By letting a patient take a dose as large as possible.

答案與題解：

1.B本題項(xiàng)A在第一段第三句提到,選項(xiàng)C在第二段倒數(shù)第二句和第四段第一句提到,選項(xiàng)D則在第四段第二、三、四句提到,只有選項(xiàng)B全文均未提及。

2. C第三段最后兩句說(shuō)道,如果存在靶分子的話,量子點(diǎn)就會(huì)發(fā)光,以此辨認(rèn)疾病,這正是本題答案。

3.A第四段全段都在講納米技術(shù)如何提高藥物療效,而中心就在于納米技術(shù)能使藥物對(duì)準(zhǔn)疾病病灶(文章中實(shí)際是舉已經(jīng)研發(fā)的治癌藥為例)從而提高藥物療效。

4.C第五段第二句已經(jīng)說(shuō)得很清楚,其中并沒(méi)有Iran。

5.D第五段第三句說(shuō)道,納米技術(shù)的應(yīng)用存在一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因?yàn)榕c較大顆粒相比,納米材料的顆粒在體內(nèi)和在體外環(huán)境中的作用可能不太一樣。

譯文：納米保健技術(shù)走向貧困國(guó)家

納米技術(shù)的應(yīng)用對(duì)象都是分子級(jí)和原子級(jí)的物質(zhì)。如今，長(zhǎng)度為一納米，即十億分之一米的粒子已被研究人員開(kāi)發(fā)出多種用途，如制造美容產(chǎn)品和抗污型服裝等。但其中一個(gè)領(lǐng)域科學(xué)家認(rèn)為潛力尤為巨大，那就是醫(yī)藥領(lǐng)域。

在上周于華盛頓Woodrow Wilsom國(guó)家學(xué)術(shù)中心召開(kāi)的一個(gè)項(xiàng)目會(huì)議上，科學(xué)家們探討了如何將納米技術(shù)應(yīng)用于貧困國(guó)家人口保健的事宜。來(lái)自多倫多大學(xué)的Peter Singer 聲稱一項(xiàng)名為量子點(diǎn)的納米技術(shù)可被應(yīng)用于瘧疾的診斷。他指出相對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)的僅用顯微鏡觀察血液樣本的方法，此技術(shù)要先進(jìn)得多。

由于貧困國(guó)家往往沒(méi)有條件應(yīng)用此項(xiàng)新技術(shù)，許多健康人被誤診為瘧疾患者，而藥物的濫用又導(dǎo)致類抗藥性的產(chǎn)生。所謂量子點(diǎn)是指一些被激活后會(huì)發(fā)光的粒子，科學(xué)家正在研究為它們編程的方法，以便當(dāng)靶分子存在的時(shí)候就能夠通過(guò)發(fā)光來(lái)診斷疾病。

納米技術(shù)的優(yōu)越性不光體現(xiàn)在疾病的診斷，還包括疾病的治療。國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究所的Piotr Grodzinski 與大家共同探討類如何運(yùn)用納米技術(shù)來(lái)增強(qiáng)藥效。以一些已經(jīng)使用類納米技術(shù)的抗癌藥物為例，他指出，如果藥物可以針對(duì)癌癥病灶而不是整個(gè)人體，治療所需藥量就會(huì)大大減少，副作用也會(huì)降低。

Andrew Maynard 是Woodrow Wilsom 中心新興的納米技術(shù)工程部骨干科學(xué)家，他注意到巴西、印度、中國(guó)及南非正在開(kāi)發(fā)可被貧困國(guó)家所應(yīng)用的納米技術(shù)。與此同時(shí)他指出，與較大分子不同，納米材料的顆粒在人體內(nèi)和體外環(huán)境中的作用可能有所不同，因此納米技術(shù)的應(yīng)用存在一定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，專家認(rèn)為若要深入研究這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)則需要更大的資金投入。