“全國醫(yī)學(xué)博士外語考試：考場上遇到不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞怎么辦？”相信是很多備考全國醫(yī)學(xué)博士外語考試的朋友比較關(guān)注的事情，為此，醫(yī)學(xué)教育網(wǎng)小編為您整理內(nèi)容如下：

近幾年醫(yī)學(xué)考博英語考試閱讀理解的生詞率略有上升，這更需要我們?cè)俦M量擴(kuò)充詞匯量的同時(shí)，要學(xué)習(xí)猜測詞義的技巧。命題者往往會(huì)考查考生利用同義或反義關(guān)系、構(gòu)詞法、語法和語篇文脈等理解關(guān)鍵詞的能力。而聯(lián)系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答這類題的關(guān)鍵。如果我們能學(xué)一點(diǎn)猜測詞義的技巧，很多難詞都能迎刃而解。

醫(yī)學(xué)考博英語閱讀：根據(jù)上下文猜測文義的五種方法

1.利用解釋（定義）猜詞

解釋生詞時(shí)常用的關(guān)鍵詞和句型有：

…means

…is/are

…is/are called被叫做

…is/are known as被稱為

…can be defines as可被定義為

例如：

Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it then letting it cool very slowly.

句子給予annealing以明確的定義，即“退火”。

It will be very hard but also very brittle—that is，it will break easily.

從后面that is（也就是說）的解釋中我們可以了解到brittle是“脆”的意思。

The herdsman，who looks after sheep，earns about 650 yuan a year.

定語從句中l(wèi)ooks after sheep就表明了herdsman的詞義為“牧羊人”。

閱讀中出現(xiàn)的難詞有時(shí)后面緊跟一個(gè)同位語，對(duì)前面的詞進(jìn)行解釋，這時(shí)可利用同位關(guān)系對(duì)前面或后面的詞義或句意進(jìn)行猜測。例如：

The invention of snorkel，a long air tube that reaches up to the surface，has made it possible for submarines（潛艇）to use their diesel engine even when they are submerged.

句中snorkel一詞的意思，可通過其同位語“a long air tube that reaches up to the surface”來猜得。由此，我們可確定該詞義為“通氣管”。

2.利用例子來猜詞

利用例子猜詞常見的關(guān)鍵詞有：

such as

like

especially

for instance

for example

例如：

In cities，centralized production，distribution exchange create the“agglomeration effect”—which reduces costs while increasing efficiency，“says Zhu Caibin，PhD in urban environmental science expert in city planning at the China Urban Construction Design&Research Institute.To put it simple，a factory will find it easier to hire hands gather material.Whereas you can sell a product to only one person in a village，you might attract 10 potential customers in a city.

例文中，作者通過通俗易懂的例子（begin with"to put it simple"）來解釋了專業(yè)詞匯“agglomeration effect”（集聚效應(yīng)）。

3.利用近義詞來猜詞

常見的用來引出同義詞或近義詞的表達(dá)有：

or…

that is

that is to say

in other words

to put it another way

例如：

Although he often had the opportunity，Mr.Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer.This would have endangered his position at the bank，he did not want to jeopardize his future.

作者為避免重復(fù)使用endanger一詞，用其同義詞jeopardize來替代它，由此推知jeopardize詞義為“使……陷入危險(xiǎn)，危及、危害”。

Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health.They also regard drinking as harmful.

句中detrimental是個(gè)生詞，但判斷出harmful替代detrimental后，不難推斷出其詞義為“不利的，有害的”。

Article 47 of the law also includes clear detailed regulations on compensation.It says：“An employee shall be paid a severance pay based on the number of years worked with the employer at the rate of one month‘s wage for each full year worked.”

在這段話中，compensation和severance是同義詞。例文理解為：這部法律的第47條也清楚且詳盡地列出一系列有關(guān)補(bǔ)償?shù)囊?guī)定。其中規(guī)定：“經(jīng)濟(jì)補(bǔ)償按勞動(dòng)者在本單位工作的年限，每滿一年支付一個(gè)月工資的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)向勞動(dòng)者支付。”

4.利用反義或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系來猜詞

例如：

She is usually prompt for all her class，but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.

but一詞表轉(zhuǎn)折，因此but前后的意思正好相反。后半句的意思是她今天“第一節(jié)上了一半才來”，因此反向推理，可得出她平時(shí)一向prompt（準(zhǔn)時(shí)）的結(jié)論。

We can allow time to slip by let it be our enemy.Or we can take control of it make it our ally.

前一句說“我們可以讓時(shí)間流逝或讓它成為我們的敵人”，下面一句由or引出，表示相反的意思，即：我們可以控制時(shí)間，讓時(shí)間成為我們的ally（朋友）來支持我們。

Brussels，home to the EU many top international institutions，is known for its family-friendly cultivated lifestyle but the mayor wants to crack down on the everyday unpleasantness found in any big city.

but一詞表示轉(zhuǎn)折，因此but前后的意思正相反。前半句的意思是“布魯塞爾是歐盟總部和很多高級(jí)國際機(jī)構(gòu)的所在地，以有利于家庭和有教養(yǎng)的生活方式而著稱”。通過轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的推理，我們猜測后半句的意思是“市長卻想打擊（crack down）在所有大城市都存在的臟話問題”。

5.利用因果關(guān)系猜詞

例如：

French commentators described Miss Trierweiler‘s legal action as hypocritical given that she declined to attack her own employer，saying she felt“ill at ease”doing so.

從后面的原因“她拒絕告自己的雇主，說自己這樣做會(huì)感到‘不安’”中，可以推測結(jié)果中的“hypocritical”的意思是“虛偽的”。（法國評(píng)論員認(rèn)為瓦萊麗的法律行動(dòng)十分虛偽。）

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