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不丹：幸福勝過財富 Bhutan-Where Happiness

What is happines really? In conventional development theory, it equals money and prosperity, as measured by 3)GNP (Gross National Product). But Bhutan, the famously remote and beautiful Buddhist kingdom in the Himalaya has been trying out a different concept. 4)Espoused by the country’s king, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, its government has been using a standard called GNH, or Gross National Happiness. It has 5)underpinned the country’s approach to change and development.

After centuries of self-imposed isolation, in 1961, Bhutan opened its doors to the world. The Bhutanese quickly learnt that in the pursuit of economic prosperity, many countries had lost their cultural identitie as well as their spirituality, and 6)compromised their environments. From a Buddhist perspective the burst of consumer-driven, economic growth, and consequently the explosion of affluence in industrialized nation had resulted in widespread spiritual poverty. It was a clear message to the Bhutanese that economic growth alone did not bring contentment.

However, the government also knew that change was inevitable. So Bhutan had to come up with a different approach to development—something that would monitor and regulate the nature and pace of change without compromising the essence of its citizens’ well-being. Thu GNH was born. GNH, according to the Center of Bhutan Studies in the capital, Thimphu, is not against change. It 7)propounds development by balancing economic development, preservation of the environment, and religious-cultural heritage. The underlying message is that the country should not sacrifice elements important for people’s happiness to gain material development. In short, GNH 8)takes into account not just the flow of money, but also access to healthcare, free time with family, conservation of natural resource and other non-economic factors.

到底什么是幸福呢？在常見的發(fā)展理論中，幸福等同于金錢與繁榮，是用GNP(國民生產(chǎn)總值)衡量的。但不丹，一個位于喜馬拉雅山區(qū)，遙遠(yuǎn)而美麗的佛教國家，正嘗試一種不同的幸福理念。在國王吉格梅·辛格·旺楚克的支持下，不丹政府采用了一種不同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來衡量幸福，叫GNH,即國民幸福總值，這一直是這個國家求變發(fā)展的基石。

歷經(jīng)了幾個世紀(jì)的自我封閉之后，在1961年，不丹終于向世界打開了大門。不丹人很快認(rèn)識到，在追求經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮的過程中，許多國家喪失了自己的文化身份以及精神特性，并犧牲了自己的環(huán)境。從佛教的角度來看，消費(fèi)者驅(qū)動型經(jīng)濟(jì)的迅猛增長以及隨之而產(chǎn)生的工業(yè)化國家中財富的膨脹都會造成普遍的精神貧乏。這讓不丹人清楚地認(rèn)識到，單純的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長并不能帶來滿足感。

雖然如此，不丹政府也清楚改變是不可避免的。因此不丹必須尋求一種不同的發(fā)展途徑—— 一種能夠監(jiān)控及規(guī)范“變化”的本質(zhì)和速度，而又不會犧牲其國民基本幸福的方式。GNH因此應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。據(jù)位于不丹首都廷布的不丹研究中心稱,GNH與改變并不相斥，它提出發(fā)展必須在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、保護(hù)環(huán)境及保存宗教文化遺產(chǎn)之間取得平衡。其中隱含的信息是，國家不應(yīng)以犧牲那些對人們的幸福至關(guān)重要的東西來獲取物質(zhì)方面的發(fā)展。簡而言之，GNH不但考慮資金流向，而且還顧及衛(wèi)生保健、家人共處的休閑時間、保護(hù)自然資源以及其他非經(jīng)濟(jì)因素。

In 1998, Bhutan’s Prime Minister, Jigmi Thinley, identified the “Four Pillars” of GNH, which today form the overall guiding principle for development in Bhutan. The first is sustainable and equitable socio-economic development. This stresses the improvement of physical, intellectual, social, and economic health through services such as health, education, trade and commerce, road and bridge construction, employment, urban development, and housing. As a result, education and health were provided free of cost to all Bhutanese even though the country was still poor. The second pillar is conservation of the environment. Only 16% of Bhutan’s land is 9)arable, so there is pressure to 10)fell trees and sell timber. But the law requires that the proportion of tree cover must not be less than 65%.