詞匯選擇是職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)中第一個(gè)考試項(xiàng)目,它考查大家在一定語(yǔ)境下對(duì)單詞或短語(yǔ)的理解。從表面上,這是詞匯的考題,實(shí)際上這是一種最簡(jiǎn)單的閱讀理解題。這里要給大家澄清一個(gè)概念,任何一種語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)義最小單位是句子,而不是詞。但是詞匯或短語(yǔ)的理解對(duì)于句子的理解起著重要的作用。
詞匯不足的人在英文聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)各方面的能力都會(huì)受到嚴(yán)重限制。一般大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為背單詞既吃力,又成效不大。實(shí)際上,若能采用適當(dāng)?shù)姆椒,不僅可以縮短擴(kuò)大詞匯量所需的時(shí)間,并且能提高記憶單詞的質(zhì)量。下面向大家推薦六種單詞記憶法,僅供參考。
一、結(jié)合記憶法
將比較生疏,不常用的單詞放入一定的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境——句子中,結(jié)合句意來(lái)記憶單詞。遇到此單詞時(shí),若詞義忘記,則可通過(guò)回憶所在句子的意思來(lái)記憶單詞。例如:
slope
n.① 傾斜;坡度;斜度
There is always a certain slope in a ship's deck.船的甲板總有幾分傾斜。
② 斜面;斜坡
We climbed the steep slope of the hill.我們爬了那座陡峭的斜坡。
vi.傾斜
The railroad slopes up slightly at this point.鐵路在此處有輕微的傾斜。
critical
adj.① 批評(píng)(性)的,吹毛求疵的
I don't like people who are too critical about everything.我不喜歡對(duì)每件事都太吹毛求疵的人。
② 緊要的,關(guān)鍵的;危急的
His condition is reported as being very critical.據(jù)報(bào)告他的情況非常危急。
通過(guò)此法來(lái)掌握詞匯,既有助于記住單詞本身的拼寫(xiě)、拼讀,又可同時(shí)熟悉詞的詞義、詞性、用法和搭配,比孤立地背記單詞效果要好。
二、同類(lèi)記憶法
將同類(lèi)詞匯收集在一起,同時(shí)背記,效果會(huì)比較好。
注意,同類(lèi)詞匯與同義詞不同:同義詞是指意思相同,而同類(lèi)詞是指基本屬性相同、具體意義的層次,級(jí)別或范圍不同的一類(lèi)詞匯。例如:headmaster和principal是同義詞,都表示,“中小學(xué)校長(zhǎng)”;“president”和“chancellor”是同義詞,都表示大專(zhuān)院校“校長(zhǎng)”。這兩組詞是同類(lèi)詞匯,都表示“校長(zhǎng)"”,但具體級(jí)別不同,所以?xún)山M詞不是同義詞。
再如,bachelor(學(xué)士)、master(碩士),doctor(博士)三個(gè)詞都表示學(xué)位授予的情況,但具體級(jí)別不同,所以這三個(gè)詞也是一組同類(lèi)詞匯。
這樣,將同類(lèi)詞匯放在一起記憶,當(dāng)遇到其中一個(gè)詞時(shí),頭腦中出現(xiàn)的就是一組詞,效率大大提高了。
三、比較記憶法
把同義詞或形似詞放在一起,加以區(qū)別。記憶的過(guò)程是一組組,一對(duì)對(duì)單詞同時(shí)記憶。職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)中有很大一部分都是對(duì)同義詞或近義詞的考察,需要平時(shí)進(jìn)行記憶和積累。
例題1:The researchers have just completed a study of driving situations.(2004年職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)衛(wèi)生類(lèi)C級(jí))
A.started
B.finished
C.changed
D.made
答案:B
例題2:Michael is now merely a good friend.(2004年職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)衛(wèi)生類(lèi)C級(jí))
A.largely
B.possibly
C.just
D.rarely
答案:C
四、構(gòu)詞法記憶法
通過(guò)掌握構(gòu)詞法來(lái)記憶單詞。英語(yǔ)主要有三種構(gòu)詞法:
1)轉(zhuǎn)化,即由一個(gè)詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)化為另一個(gè)詞類(lèi)。例如:
picture(n)畫(huà)——picture(v)描繪
water(n)水——water(v)澆水
例題1:He has trouble understanding that other people judge him by his social skills and conduct.
A.behavior
B.style
C.mode
D.attitude
答案:A
解釋?zhuān)?
cnduct(v.)引導(dǎo),管理,為人,傳導(dǎo)
cnduct (n.)操守,行為
cnductor(n.)列車(chē)員,售票員,指揮者,導(dǎo)體等
例題2:The ice is not thick enough to bear the weight of a tank.
A.suffer
B.accept
C.receive
D.endure
答案:D
解釋?zhuān)?
bear(n.)熊
bear(v.)負(fù)擔(dān),忍受,帶給,具有,擠
2)派生,即通過(guò)加前綴或后綴構(gòu)成另一個(gè)詞,例如:
happy → unhappy(加前綴)happiness(加后綴)
例題1:The workers in that factory manufacture furniture.
A.promote
B.paint
C.polish
D.produce
答案:D
例題2:Even in a highly modernized country, manual work is a still needed.
A.mental
B.physical
C.natural
D.hard
答案:B
man-、manu-=hand
manage(管理)、manual(體力的,手冊(cè))、manuscript(手寫(xiě)稿)、manufacture(生產(chǎn))、manumit(釋放);
例題3:About one million Americans are diagnosed,annually with skin cancer.(2004年職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)衛(wèi)生類(lèi)C級(jí))
A.every year
B.severely
C.actively
D.every month
答案:A
ann=year
anniversaire(French)、anniversary、annals(編年史)、annuity(年金)
3)合成,即由兩個(gè)或更多的詞合成一個(gè)詞。例如:
wood(木)cut(刻)→ woodcut(木刻)
pea(豌豆)nuts(堅(jiān)果)→ peanut(花生)
例題1:In the latter case the outcome can be serious indeed.
A.judgement
B.result
C.decision
D.event
答案:B
五、根義記憶法
利用根義代替記憶多義,可以解決“沒(méi)有生詞”卻老讀不懂的問(wèn)題。
比如要問(wèn)immediate(ly)是否已記住,回答當(dāng)然是肯定的。那么就請(qǐng)看下面三個(gè)“沒(méi)有生詞”的片段:
a)The woman walks immediately behind the car.
b)She is my immediate neighbor.
c)the immediate cause
若沒(méi)有讀懂,那么就請(qǐng)看immediate(ly)根義:中間沒(méi)有間隔(地)
1)(時(shí)間)立刻;
2)(空間)緊挨,通接,緊跟,
3)(關(guān)系)直接
例題1:He will leave immediately.
A.far away
B.right away
C.right here
D.soon
答案:B
例題2:Can you follow the plot?
A.change
B.investigate
C.understand
D.write
答案:C
請(qǐng)看下面幾句中的“follow”分別都是什么意思?
She went into the building, followed by a group of students.
The teacher says that everybody should follow the rule here.
I'm sorry, but I can't follow you.
六、容易混淆詞的特別記憶
(1)有些字可當(dāng)形容詞又可當(dāng)副詞,例如:early;past;half;long;straight;fast;hard;quick;deep;slow; pretty;awful;wrong;right;high;late;hourly;early;weekly;etc.
We had an early breakfast.(形容詞)
We went by a fast train.(形容詞)
We had breakfast early.(副詞)
Don't speak so fast.(副詞)
(2)有些形容詞變?yōu)楦痹~,可在字尾加ly,也可以不加,不過(guò)在字義上不同。
(A)easy “安適地”;easily “容易地”:
Stand easy!
He's not easily satisfied.
(B)clear (=completely “完全地“;clearly“顯然地”)
The bullet went clear through the door.
The thieves got clearly away.
(C)high “高”;highly “很、非”;
The birds are flying high.
He was highly praised for his work.
(D)slow和slowly當(dāng)副詞時(shí)同義,但slow比slowly語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)。
I told the driver to go slow(er).
Drive slowly round these bends in the road.
(E)hard“辛苦地“;hardly“幾乎不”
He works hard.(=He is a hard worker.)
He hardly does anything nowadays.(=He does very little nowadays.)
(F)just“剛才;僅”;justly“公正地”
I've just seen him.
He was justly punished.
(G)late“遲”;lately(=recently)“最近地”
He went to bed late.
I haven't seen Mr.Green lately.
(H)pretty(=fairly, moderately)“十分,頗”;
prettily(=in a pretty way, attractively)“漂亮地”
The situation seems pretty hopeless.
She was prettily dressed.
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