2016年衛(wèi)生職稱英語備考語法知識：不定代詞

不定代詞：代替或修飾不特指的人或事物的代詞叫不定代詞。

※ 注：復合不定代詞有12個：something(某事), someone(某人), somebody(某人), anything

(任何事), anyone(任何人), anybody(任何人), nothing(沒事),nobody(沒有人), no one(沒有人), everything(一切), everyone(每個人), everybody(每個人).

(1)some和 any 的用法：

some一般用于肯定句中,意思是“幾個”、“一些”、“某個”作定語時可修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞。如：I have some work to do today. (今天我有些事情要做)/ They will go there some day.(他們有朝一日會去那兒)

some 用于疑問句時,表示建議、請求或希望得到肯定回答。如：Would you like some coffee with sugar?(你要加糖的咖啡嗎?)

any 一般用于疑問句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一個”,作定語時可修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞。如：They didn't have any friends here. (他們在這里沒有朋友)/ Have you got any questions to ask?(你有問題要問嗎?)

any 用于肯定句時,意思是“任何的”。Come here with any friend.(隨便帶什么朋友來吧。)

(2)no和none的用法：

no是形容詞,只能作定語表示,意思是“沒有”,修飾可數(shù)名詞(單數(shù)或復數(shù))或不可數(shù)名詞。如：There is no time left. Please hurry up.(沒有時間了,請快點) / They had no reading books to lend.(他們沒有閱讀用書可以出借)

none只能獨立使用,在句子中可作主語、賓語和表語,意思是“沒有一個人(或事物)”,表示復數(shù)或單數(shù)。如：None of them is/are in the classroom.(他們當中沒有一個在教室里) / I have many books, but none is interesting.(我有很多的書,但沒有一本是有趣的)

(3)all和both的用法：

all指三者或三者以上的人或物,用來代替或修飾可數(shù)名詞;也可用來代替或修飾不可數(shù)名詞。

both指兩個人或物,用來代替或修飾可數(shù)名詞。all和both在句子中作主語、賓語、表語、定語等。如：I know all of the four British students in their school.(他們學校里四個英國學生我全認識) / --Would you like this one or that one? –Both.(你要這個還是那個?兩個都要。)

all和both既可以修飾名詞(all/both+(the)+名詞),也可以獨立使用,采用“all/both + of the +名詞(復數(shù))”的形式,其中的of 可以省略。如：All (of) (the) boys are naughty.(是男孩都調(diào)皮)

(4)every和each用法：

every是形容詞,只能作定語修飾單數(shù)名詞,意思是“每一個”,表示整體概念;

each是形容詞、代詞,可用作主語、賓語、定語等,意思是“每個”或者“各個”,表示單個概念;each可以放在名詞前,可以后跟of短語,與動詞同時出現(xiàn)時要放在“be動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞”之后或者行為動詞之前

every和each都用作單數(shù)理解,但是下文中既可以用單數(shù)的代詞(如he/him/his)也可以用復數(shù)的代詞(如they/them/their)替代。如：Every one of the students in his class studies very hard.(他班上每個學生學習都很用功) / They are very busy. Each of them has something to do.(他們很忙,人人都有事干)

(5)either和neither的用法：

either意思是“兩個中間的任何一個”;neither是either的否定形式,意思是“兩個都不”。

neither和either在句子中可作主語、賓語和定語等,都用作單數(shù)。如：I don't care much for what to drink. Either of the two will do. (我不介意喝些什么,兩個之中隨便哪個都行) / --Will you go there by bus or by car? –Neither. I will go there by train.(你坐公車去還是坐轎車去?一個都不坐,我坐火車去。)

(6)other、the other和another的用法：

other意思是“另一”、“另一些”,有復數(shù)形式。在句子中可作主語、賓語和定語。another意思是“另外”、“又一個”,表示增加,在句中可作賓語和定語。如：

Some girls are singing under the big apple tree and others are sitting on the grass talking.(有些女孩在大蘋果樹下唱歌,別的就躺在草地上說話) / You have had several cakes. Do you really want another one?(你已經(jīng)吃了好幾塊餅子了,你真的還要一塊?) / I want another four books.(我還要四本書)

another(另外的,再一,又一)與the other(另外的一個) 主要從數(shù)量上區(qū)分,只有兩個時用the other,在原先基礎上增加用another。如：This is one of your socks. Where is the other one?(這是你的一只襪子,還有一只呢?) / I have eaten 4 cakes, but I still want another.(我已經(jīng)吃了4塊蛋糕,但是我還要一塊。)

others與the others的主要區(qū)別：others指“剩余的人/物”(指大部分);the others指“其余的人/物”,(指全部)。如：A few students are playing soccer while others are watching them.(有幾個學生在踢足球,其他一些人在觀看) / Two of the ten boys are standing and the others are sitting round them.(十個男孩中有兩個站著,其他人都圍著他們坐著。)

(7)many和much的用法：

many意思是“很多”,與可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)連用;much意思是“很多”,與不可數(shù)名詞連用。它們在句中可作主語、賓語和定語等。如：I don't have many friends here.(在這里我沒有很多的朋友。) /Many died in the bus accident.(許多人在公交車禍中喪失) / We can learn much with the help of him.(在他的幫助之下我們能學到很多)

many和much一般用于否定句,肯定句中通常用a lot of 或者lots of; many / much用于肯定句時可以在前面加上so、very或too.如：There are a lot of people on the playground.(操場上有許多的人)/ They haven't got much work to do.(他們沒有多少事情可做) / There are too many people in the room.(房間里人太多了。)

(8)few、little、a few、a little的用法：

few、little意思是“很少幾個”、“幾乎沒有”,有否定的意思,a few、a little意思是“有幾個”、“有些”,有肯定的意思 ;few、a few與可數(shù)名詞連用或代替可數(shù)的事物, little、a little與不可數(shù)名詞連用或代替不可數(shù)的事物。它們在句中可作主語、賓語和定語。如：

He is very poor and he has little money.(他很窮,幾乎沒有什么錢。) / Don't worry. There is still a little time left.(別著急,還有一點兒時間呢。) / In that polar region there live few people.(在那個極地地區(qū)幾乎不住人) / You can get a few sweets from him.(你可以從他那兒弄到一些糖果)

(9)復合不定代詞somebody ,something ,anything, nothing ,everything, everybody等是由some , any ,no ,every, 加上body, thing 構(gòu)成的,叫做復合不定代詞,在句子中當單數(shù)使用。

somebody, something, someone 一般用于肯定句中;anything, anybody,anyone一般用于疑問句、否定句和條件狀語從句中。修飾復合不定代詞的定語,應放在它們的后面。如：Hey,Lily. There is someone outside the door.(嗨,麗麗,門外有人。) /Di(每個人)d you meet anyone when you came to school last Sunday?(上個星期天你來學校時見到什么人了嗎?)/He has nothing much to do today.(他今天沒有多少事情做)

(10)one與ones用來代替上文的一個或多個人或事物,前面可以加冠詞、形容詞、指示代詞、which等。如：Which jacket would you like, this one or that one?(你要哪件夾克,這件還是那件? / I don't like the green ones.(我不喜歡綠色的那些)

(11)so可以代替一件事情,作句子的賓語或表語。如：I don't think so.(我認為不是這樣的。) / He lost a book. So did I.(他丟失了一本書,我也是。)

(12)a lot of、lots of、a number of( /large numbers of)、a great deal of、plenty of的區(qū)別：五個“名詞+介詞”短語都表示“大量,許多”,a lot of(或lots of)既可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞也可以修飾可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)形式,可以相應地換為much和many;plenty of“足夠、大量”,既可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞也可以修飾可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)形式。 a number of / large numbers of只可以修飾可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)形式(它修飾的詞作主語時謂語用復數(shù)形式)可以換為some、many、a lot of、plenty of。 a great deal of只可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞(它修飾的詞作主語時謂語用單數(shù)形式)可以換為much。

如：A lot of people think that time is money.(許多的人認為時間就是金錢。) / I don't have to do it in a hurry because I have plenty of time.(我用不著趕忙,因為我有充足的時間。) / I have a number of letters to write today.(今天我有好多信要寫) / I spend a great deal of time/money on shopping.(在購物方面我花費了大量的時間/金錢。)

(13)none、no one、nobody的區(qū)別：no one和nobody都表示“沒有人”,僅指人,后面不跟of 短語,作主語時謂語用單數(shù)形式;none表示“沒有一個人/物”,可指人也可以指物,后面可跟of短語,作主語時謂語可用單數(shù)也可用復數(shù)。如：No one knows how he managed to get the ticket.(沒有人知道他是怎樣搞到那張票的) / Nobody handed in his/their composition(s) yesterday.(昨天沒有一個人交作文。) / None of my friends came to see me that day.(那天沒有一個朋友來看我。)