2016年職稱英語衛(wèi)生類語法輔導:非謂語動詞之分詞
非謂語動詞也叫非限定動詞或動詞的非謂語形式。非謂語動詞主要包括不定式、動名詞和分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞),即動詞的非謂語形式除了不能獨立作謂語外, 具有動詞的部分語法特征,可以承擔句子的任何成分。
分詞
1. 分詞作定語
1)分詞作定語既可以放在所修飾的詞之前,作前置定語,也可以放在所修飾的詞后面,作后置定語。其作用相當于一個定語從句。例如:
Where are the reserved seats?(=Where are the seats which have been reserved?)
預定的座位在哪里?
This is a pressing problem.(=This is a problem which is pressing.)
這是一個緊迫的問題。
2)分詞作后置定語可分為限制性(緊跟在所修飾的中心詞之后)和非限制性(用逗號與其所修飾的中心詞分開)兩種,其作用分別相當于一個限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。例如:
The funds raised(= which have been raised)are mainly used for helping the homeless.
籌集的資金主要用來幫助那些無家可歸的人。
There are many students waiting(= who are waiting)to get examined.
有許多學生在等待檢查。
This book,written(= which is written)in simple English,is suitable for beginners.
本書是用淺顯的英語寫的,適合初學者。
3)分詞常和形容詞、副詞或名詞構成合成形容詞作定語。例如:
The flower-carrying girl must be waiting for someone.
那位手持鮮花的姑娘一定在等人。
The newly-built building is our office building.
這座新建的大樓是我們的辦公樓。
4)有些不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語,并不表示被動的意思而是表示完成。這類過去分詞常作前置修飾語。例如:
There are a lot of fallen leaves in autumn.
秋天有許多落葉。
The film describes the story about the police who pursue an escaped man.
這部電影描述的是警察抓逃犯的事。
常用的這一類詞有:fallen,faded,returned,retired,risen,grown up,vanished等。
2. 分詞作賓語補足語
1)跟分詞作賓補的動詞有:catch,have get,keep,hear,find,feel,leave,make,want,start,notice,observe,watch,set等。例如:
When they returned home from the holiday,they found their house stolen.
當他們度假完回到家時,發(fā)現(xiàn)房子被盜了。(過去分詞表示被動)
2)在復合賓語中,用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補,說明賓語是動作的發(fā)出者,形成邏輯上的主謂關系;用過去分詞作賓補,表示賓語是動作的承受者,構成邏輯上的動賓關系。例如:
There was so much noise that the speaker couldn't make himself heard.
由于十分吵鬧,講話人沒法讓人聽到他的聲音。
When he awoke,he found himself being looked after by an old woman.
他醒來的時候發(fā)現(xiàn)一位老大娘正在照顧他。
3. 分詞作狀語
1)分詞或分詞短語作狀語時,可以表示時間、原因、讓步、條件、方式或伴隨狀況。通?赊D(zhuǎn)換成相應的狀語從句;表示方式或伴隨狀況的可以轉(zhuǎn)換成并列句或非限制性定語從句。例如:
Confined to bed(= Because she was confined to bed),she needed to be waited on in everything.
她臥病在床,什么事都需要人伺候。(作原因狀語)
Having only book knowledge(= If you only have book knowledge),you will not be
able to work well.
如果只有書本知識,你就不可能做好工作。(作條件狀語)
They stood there waiting for the bus.(=They stood there and waited for the bus.)
他們站在那里等公共汽車。(作方式狀語)
2)現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作狀語時的用法比較
不管是現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞作狀語,如果單獨作狀語,其邏輯主語必須和主句的主語一致。分詞作狀語通?梢赞D(zhuǎn)換成一個相應的狀語從句,如果狀語從句中的謂語動詞為被動結構,就用過去分詞;如果狀語從句中的謂語動詞為主動結構,就用現(xiàn)在分詞。有時為了強調(diào),分詞前可帶連詞when,while,if,though,as if,unless等一起作狀語,以便使句子的意思更清楚、更連貫。例如:
Working hard(If you work hard),you will succeed.
如果你努力,你會成功的。
Defeated(= Though he was defeated),he remained a popular boxer.
雖然他被擊敗了,但他仍然是一個受人喜愛的拳擊手。
4. 分詞的獨立結構
1)分詞作狀語時,要特別注意其邏輯主語必須和謂語動詞的主語一致。否則,分詞必須有自己的主語,這種帶主語的分詞被稱為分詞的獨立結構,或叫獨立主格。在句中作狀語,表示時間、原因、條件等。例如:
The project finished,they had a two weeks'leave.
完成那個計劃后,他們休了兩周假。
He being absent,nothing could be done.
由于他缺席,什么事也沒法干。
2)獨立結構有時也可以用“with/ without +名詞(或代詞的賓語)+ 分詞”的結構,表示伴隨狀況。例如:
They sat there silently,(with)their eyes fixedon the lake.
他們靜靜地坐在那里,眼睛看著湖面。
With him helping me,I felt lucky.
有他的幫助,我感到很幸運。
5 . 容易混淆的現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞
像 interesting 和 interested 一類的分詞在意義和用法上很容易混淆,一般可作如下區(qū)分:
(1)一部分表示“情感;心情”等意義的動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞有“令人……的;具有……性質(zhì)的”的意思,常用來說明人或事物的特征或性質(zhì)。如:
The president made an inspiring speech at the meeting yesterday.
(2)它們的過去分詞有“感到……的”的意思,用來指人的感覺或所處的狀態(tài),因而它的主語一般不可能是指物的詞。如:
He was too excited to fall asleep.
這類容易混淆的分詞常見的有: encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; inspiring, inspired; interesting, interested; puzzling, puzzled; astonishing, astonished; surprising, surprised 等。
非謂語動詞經(jīng)典例題解析:
1.The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B.C,did’t include women players until 1919.
A.first playing
B.to be first played
C.first played
D.to be first playing
析:根據(jù)題干,必須選表示被動的選項,故排除A、D;因B選項表“將要被舉行”意,不合題干之用,只有C選項(相當于which was first played)才合用。
2.European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world.
A.making
B.makes
C.made
D.to make
析:B、C是謂語動詞,在此不可用。D項to make或表目的,或表“將要使得”,這都不合題干情景。只有A.making,可作狀語,表結果。再舉一現(xiàn)在分詞作結果狀語例: The bus was held up by the snowstorm,causing the delay.公共汽車被大風雪所阻,因而耽誤了。
3.Little Jim should love ______ to the theatre this evening.
A.to be taken
B.to take
C.being taken
D.taking
析:根據(jù)this evening,應選表示將來義的選項,C、D應排除。Take后無賓語,必然要用被動式,故答案為A。
4.John was made ______ the truck for a week as a punishment.
A.to wash
B.washing
C.wash
D.to be washing
析:根據(jù)be made to do sth.句式,可定答案為A。
5.The patient was warned ______ oily food after the operation.
A.to eat not
B.eating not
C.not to eat
D.not eating
析:根據(jù)warn sb.(not)to do sth.句式,可排除B、D兩項;又根據(jù)非謂語動詞的否定式not總是在首位的規(guī)律,又可排除A,而定C。
6.I usually go there by train. Why not ______ by boat for a change?
A.to try going
B.trying to go
C.to try and go
D.try going
析:此題可根據(jù)why not后直接跟原形動詞規(guī)律而一舉確定正確答案為D。若將B項改為try to go,則要根據(jù)其與try going意義之別來確定答案。依據(jù)題干對話內(nèi)容,乙方是建議甲方嘗試乘船變變花樣,所以答案仍為D。
7.______ a reply,he decided to write again.
A.Not receiving
B.Receiving not
C.Not having received
D.Having not received
析:非謂語動詞的否定式not應置于首位,B、D皆為錯誤形式。A項不能表達先于decided的動作,只有選C項才表沒收到信在先,決定再寫信在后,所以C為正確答案。
8.Charles Babbage is generally considered ______ the first computer.
A.to invent
B.inventing
C.to have invented
D.having mvented
析:consider表“考慮”意時,其后動詞用doing形式,此處不表“考慮”,而表“認為”,這時consider后作賓語補足語或主語補足語多為to do,to have done,to be等形式。據(jù)此可排除B、D兩個選項。又因A表“要發(fā)明”意,不合題用,只有C表“發(fā)明了”意,才合題用,故選C。
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