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A Biological Clock

Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior.The biological clock tells __1__ when to form flowers and when the flowers should open.It tells __2__ when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away，and it tells animals and human beings when to eat,sleep and wake.

Events outside the plant and animal __3__ the actions of some biological clocks.Scientists recently found,for example,that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur __4__ the number of hours of daylight.In the short __5__ of winter,its fur becomes white.The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer.

Inner signals control other biological clocks.German scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin their long migration __6__ twice each year.Birds __7__ flying become restless when it is time for the trip， __8__ they become calm again when the time of the flight has ended.

Scientists say they are beginning to learn which __9__ of the brain contain biological clocks.An American researcher,Martin Moorhead,said a small group of cells near the front of the brain __10__ to control the timing of some of our actions.These __11__ tell a person when to __12__ ，when to sleep and when to seek food .Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities.

Dr.Moorhead is studying __13__ our biological clocks affect the way we do our work.For example,most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours.

__14__ can take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours.Dr.Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocks and how they affect workers.He said __15__ understanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factory's production,

詞匯：

biological adj.生物(學）的

insect n.昆蟲

cocoon n.防護卵袋，繭

fur n.軟毛

注釋：

1.本句中謂語動詞tells的賓語由兩部分組成。第一部分是when to form flowers，是帶疑問副詞的動詞不定式，第二部分是when the flowers should open,是名詞從句。從修辭上說，兩者有些不平衡。

2.…the way we do our work 可以理解為 the way in which we do our work 或 the way that we do our work.實際上，三種說法都成立。如：

He speaks English the way the English people do.

I don't understand the way in which he dealt with the matter.

3.take作“花費，花去”解時可用于幾種不同的句型：

It will take me five days to complete the work.

The work will take me five days to complete.

To complete this work will take me five days.

練習：

1.A.scientists B.humans C.plants D.animals

2.A.insects B.birds C.fish D.snakes

3.A.effect B.affect C.effected D.affected

4.A.because B.for the reason that C.because of D.since

5.A.months B.days C.minutes D.weeks

6.A.flight B.fly C.movement D.transportation

7.A.prevented from B.ordered by C.helped by D.intruded on

8.A.and B.but C.therefore D.however

9.A.portions B.parts C.sections D.kinds

10.A.try B.tries C.seem D.seems

11.A.things B.parts C.cells D.actions

12.A.awaken B.woke C.awakening D.wake-up

13.A.how B.why C.where D.what

14.A.We B.It C.They D.You

15.A.so B.with C.such D.if

答案與題解：

1.C 從后半句 When to form flowers and when the flowers should open 知道，只有 plants 才有花。前面沒有定冠詞修飾的plants是泛指植物這一大類，與動物類相對應。

2.A 后面出現(xiàn)的 when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away 提示我們，唯有選 insects 才是正確的，因為只有insects才有protective cocoons,而birds、fish和snakes都沒有。

3.B affect作為動詞是“影響”的意思，而effect作為動詞則是“使發(fā)生;使生效”的意思。這里談論的是動植物生物鐘的一般情況，所以使用動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時。

4.C這里應使用介詞短語，因為其后是名詞。because和since都有“因為”的意思，但它們都是連詞，用來引導原因狀語從句,如:

He will not come because he is ill.

Since he is ill,he will not come.

for the reason that后接句子，所以也不是答案。

5.B 根據(jù)下句中的 in the longer hours of daylight in summer 和上句中的 the number of hours of daylight,以及該段的中心意思，可以判斷，應選擇B,因為冬天日短夜長,夏天則反之。

6.A本句中有birds，migration這些詞，下一句又談及遷徙飛行前的躁動不安，就知道應該填詞義為“飛行”的名詞。fly是動詞，不能選擇;其他兩個選項也都不合適。flight是fly的名詞形式，所以是合適的選擇。

7.A該句句子的主干是：主語birds,謂語become restless。所以，所填的詞是過去分詞，修飾 birds。從上下文表達的意思判斷,ordered by (被命令)、helped by (被幫助）和intruded on(被強加）都不匹配，只有prevented from是合適的選擇。

8.B很明顯，這里需使用連詞，連接該句中平行的兩個分句。而根據(jù)整個句子的句意，上半句和下半句形成反差對比：become restless when the time of the flight has ended，所以應選擇but,表示相反的兩層意思。

9.B portion是“一定數(shù)量;一份”,section是“切下的部分”，kind是“種類”，都不符合上下文意思連貫的要求。唯有B是正確的選項。

10.D不能選擇C,因為主語是group,而不是cells，所以要采用動詞的第三人稱單數(shù)形式 seems A和B不符合常識。

11.C These 一詞說明，其后的名詞是上文已經提到的某些事物，即cells。從下文中可以看出，盡管actions —詞也在上文中出現(xiàn),但該詞不符合句意。選項A和B意思不準確。

12.A該句中的三個賓語都是帶疑問副詞的動詞不定式，所以都要用動詞原形。awaken是唯一合適的選擇，woke是wake的一般過去形式,awakening是形容詞,wake-up是名詞。

13.A studying后面是一個從句作它的賓語,而從句起首處應有個連詞。把C或D填入空格 上下文意思不連貫。根據(jù)下文的例子，作者討論的不是生物鐘為什么會影響我們的工作， -而是生物鐘如何影響我們的工作。所以，how是正確的選擇。 14.B從句子結構中不難看出，to accept the major change in work hours是實際上的主語，而此 處需要一個形式主語，所以只能選擇It。

15.C該句中的understanding既然是上句中提到的better understanding,C便是最佳的選項。其他三個選項均不符合語法。