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非謂語動(dòng)詞也叫非限定動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式。非謂語動(dòng)詞主要包括不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞),即動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式除了不能獨(dú)立作謂語外, 具有動(dòng)詞的部分語法特征,可以承擔(dān)句子的任何成分。
分詞
1. 分詞作定語
1)分詞作定語既可以放在所修飾的詞之前,作前置定語,也可以放在所修飾的詞后面,作后置定語。其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。例如:
Where are the reserved seats?(=Where are the seats which have been reserved?)
預(yù)定的座位在哪里?
This is a pressing problem.(=This is a problem which is pressing.)
這是一個(gè)緊迫的問題。
2)分詞作后置定語可分為限制性(緊跟在所修飾的中心詞之后)和非限制性(用逗號(hào)與其所修飾的中心詞分開)兩種,其作用分別相當(dāng)于一個(gè)限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。例如:
The funds raised(= which have been raised)are mainly used for helping the homeless.
籌集的資金主要用來幫助那些無家可歸的人。
There are many students waiting(= who are waiting)to get examined.
有許多學(xué)生在等待檢查。
This book,written(= which is written)in simple English,is suitable for beginners.
本書是用淺顯的英語寫的,適合初學(xué)者。
3)分詞常和形容詞、副詞或名詞構(gòu)成合成形容詞作定語。例如:
The flower-carrying girl must be waiting for someone.
那位手持鮮花的姑娘一定在等人。
The newly-built building is our office building.
這座新建的大樓是我們的辦公樓。
4)有些不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作定語,并不表示被動(dòng)的意思而是表示完成。這類過去分詞常作前置修飾語。例如:
There are a lot of fallen leaves in autumn.
秋天有許多落葉。
The film describes the story about the police who pursue an escaped man.
這部電影描述的是警察抓逃犯的事。
常用的這一類詞有:fallen,faded,returned,retired,risen,grown up,vanished等。
2. 分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語
1)跟分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有:catch,have get,keep,hear,find,feel,leave,make,want,start,notice,observe,watch,set等。例如:
When they returned home from the holiday,they found their house stolen.
當(dāng)他們度假完回到家時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)房子被盜了。(過去分詞表示被動(dòng))
2)在復(fù)合賓語中,用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ),說明賓語是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者,形成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系;用過去分詞作賓補(bǔ),表示賓語是動(dòng)作的承受者,構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。例如:
There was so much noise that the speaker couldn't make himself heard.
由于十分吵鬧,講話人沒法讓人聽到他的聲音。
When he awoke,he found himself being looked after by an old woman.
他醒來的時(shí)候發(fā)現(xiàn)一位老大娘正在照顧他。
3. 分詞作狀語
1)分詞或分詞短語作狀語時(shí),可以表示時(shí)間、原因、讓步、條件、方式或伴隨狀況。通?赊D(zhuǎn)換成相應(yīng)的狀語從句;表示方式或伴隨狀況的可以轉(zhuǎn)換成并列句或非限制性定語從句。例如:
Confined to bed(= Because she was confined to bed),she needed to be waited on in everything.
她臥病在床,什么事都需要人伺候。(作原因狀語)
Having only book knowledge(= If you only have book knowledge),you will not be
able to work well.
如果只有書本知識(shí),你就不可能做好工作。(作條件狀語)
They stood there waiting for the bus.(=They stood there and waited for the bus.)
他們站在那里等公共汽車。(作方式狀語)
2)現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作狀語時(shí)的用法比較
不管是現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞作狀語,如果單獨(dú)作狀語,其邏輯主語必須和主句的主語一致。分詞作狀語通?梢赞D(zhuǎn)換成一個(gè)相應(yīng)的狀語從句,如果狀語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),就用過去分詞;如果狀語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞為主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),就用現(xiàn)在分詞。有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào),分詞前可帶連詞when,while,if,though,as if,unless等一起作狀語,以便使句子的意思更清楚、更連貫。例如:
Working hard(If you work hard),you will succeed.
如果你努力,你會(huì)成功的。
Defeated(= Though he was defeated),he remained a popular boxer.
雖然他被擊敗了,但他仍然是一個(gè)受人喜愛的拳擊手。
4. 分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)
1)分詞作狀語時(shí),要特別注意其邏輯主語必須和謂語動(dòng)詞的主語一致。否則,分詞必須有自己的主語,這種帶主語的分詞被稱為分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu),或叫獨(dú)立主格。在句中作狀語,表示時(shí)間、原因、條件等。例如:
The project finished,they had a two weeks'leave.
完成那個(gè)計(jì)劃后,他們休了兩周假。
He being absent,nothing could be done.
由于他缺席,什么事也沒法干。
2)獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)也可以用“with/ without +名詞(或代詞的賓語)+ 分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu),表示伴隨狀況。例如:
They sat there silently,(with)their eyes fixedon the lake.
他們靜靜地坐在那里,眼睛看著湖面。
With him helping me,I felt lucky.
有他的幫助,我感到很幸運(yùn)。
5 . 容易混淆的現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞
像 interesting 和 interested 一類的分詞在意義和用法上很容易混淆,一般可作如下區(qū)分:
(1)一部分表示“情感;心情”等意義的動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞有“令人……的;具有……性質(zhì)的”的意思,常用來說明人或事物的特征或性質(zhì)。如:
The president made an inspiring speech at the meeting yesterday.
(2)它們的過去分詞有“感到……的”的意思,用來指人的感覺或所處的狀態(tài),因而它的主語一般不可能是指物的詞。如:
He was too excited to fall asleep.
這類容易混淆的分詞常見的有: encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; inspiring, inspired; interesting, interested; puzzling, puzzled; astonishing, astonished; surprising, surprised 等。
非謂語動(dòng)詞經(jīng)典例題解析:
1.The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B.C,did’t include women players until 1919.
A.first playing
B.to be first played
C.first played
D.to be first playing
析:根據(jù)題干,必須選表示被動(dòng)的選項(xiàng),故排除A、D;因B選項(xiàng)表“將要被舉行”意,不合題干之用,只有C選項(xiàng)(相當(dāng)于which was first played)才合用。
2.European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world.
A.making
B.makes
C.made
D.to make
析:B、C是謂語動(dòng)詞,在此不可用。D項(xiàng)to make或表目的,或表“將要使得”,這都不合題干情景。只有A.making,可作狀語,表結(jié)果。再舉一現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語例: The bus was held up by the snowstorm,causing the delay.公共汽車被大風(fēng)雪所阻,因而耽誤了。
3.Little Jim should love ______ to the theatre this evening.
A.to be taken
B.to take
C.being taken
D.taking
析:根據(jù)this evening,應(yīng)選表示將來義的選項(xiàng),C、D應(yīng)排除。Take后無賓語,必然要用被動(dòng)式,故答案為A。
4.John was made ______ the truck for a week as a punishment.
A.to wash
B.washing
C.wash
D.to be washing
析:根據(jù)be made to do sth.句式,可定答案為A。
5.The patient was warned ______ oily food after the operation.
A.to eat not
B.eating not
C.not to eat
D.not eating
析:根據(jù)warn sb.(not)to do sth.句式,可排除B、D兩項(xiàng);又根據(jù)非謂語動(dòng)詞的否定式not總是在首位的規(guī)律,又可排除A,而定C。
6.I usually go there by train. Why not ______ by boat for a change?
A.to try going
B.trying to go
C.to try and go
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