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Smart Window

Windows not only let light in to cut down an electricity use for lighting，but the light coming through the window also provides heat．However，windows are not something people typically associate with being a cutting edge1 technology．Researchers are now working on new technologies that enable a window to quickly change from clear to dark and anywhere in between with a flip of a switch2．

“It took us a long time to figure out what a window really is,” says Claes Granqvist．He’s a professor of solid-state physics at Uppsala University in Sweden3．“It’s contact with the outside world．You have to have visual contact with the surrounding world to feel well．” So，windows and natural light are important for improving the way people feel when they’re stuck indoors．

Yet，windows are the weak link in a building when it comes to energy and temperature control．In the winter，cold air leaks in．When it’s hot and sunny，sunlight streams in．All of this sunlight carries lots of heat and energy．And all of this extra heat forces people to turn ontheir air conditioners．Producing blasts of cold air，which can feel so refreshing，actually suck up enormous amounts of electricity in buildings around the world．

Windows have been a major focus of energy research for a long time． Over the years，scientists have come up with a variety of strategies for coating，glazing，and layering windows to make them more energy efficient．Smart windows go a step further．They use chromogenic technologies which involve changes of color．

Electrochromic windows use electricity to change color．For example，a sheet of glass coated with thin layers of chemical compound such as tungsten oxide works a bit like a battery．Tungsten oxide is clear when an electric charge is applied and dark when the charge is removed，that is，when the amount of voltage is decreased，the window darkens until it’s completely dark after all electricity is taken away．So applying a voltage determines whether the window looks clear or dark．

One important feature that makes a smart window so smart is that it has a sort of “memory．” All it takes is a small jolt of voltage to turn the window from one state to the other．Then，it stays that way．Transitions take anywhere from 10 seconds to a few minutes，depending on the size of the window．The development of smart windows could mean that massive air conditioning systems may no longer need．“In the future,” Granqvist says,“our buildings may look different．”

詞匯：

flip/flip/n．＆ v．用手指輕彈，輕擊 tungsten oxide 氧化鎢

air conditioner 空調(diào) (器) jolt/dVEult/n．＆ v．震搖，顛簸，晃動(dòng)

refreshing/ri5freFiN /adj．使人清爽的 electrochromic adj．電致變色的

glaze/leiz/v．裝玻璃，用玻璃覆蓋 voltage/5vEJltIdV/n．電壓

chromogenic adj．發(fā)色的 air conditioning 空調(diào)，空調(diào)系統(tǒng)

注釋：

1． cutting edge：本意為“(刀片的)刃口，刀刃”；比喻意為“最先進(jìn)的，科技含量最高的”。

2． anywhere in between witha flip of a switch：就在開(kāi)或關(guān)的一霎那。

3． Uppsala University in Sweden：瑞典的烏普薩拉大學(xué)。烏普薩拉是瑞典東部一座城市，位于斯德哥爾摩的西北方向。

練習(xí)：

1． Which of the following statements does not indicate the importance of windows

as described in the first two paragraphs?

A Windows can change from clear to dark to save energy．

B Windows help to save energy by letting light in．

C Windows help to save energy by providing heat．

D Windows enable people to have contact with the outside world．

2． When are windows the weak link in a building?

A In the cold winter．

B In the hot summer．

C When air conditioners are turned on．

D Both A and B．

3． What are smart windows，according to Paragraph 4?

A Windows that are coated．

B Windows that are glazed．

C Windows the color of which can be changed．

D Windows that have many layers．

4． To make electrochromic windows change color，what is applied to the window glass?

A Electricity．

B Tungsten oxide．

C A battery．

D A voltage．

5． What will he the benefit if the research on smart windows turns out to be successful，according to the last paragraph?

A The buildings will look different．

B Windows can be as large as you want．

C We may not need air conditioners any more．

D They are less expensive than traditional windows．

答案與題解：

1． A 第一段告訴我們窗戶因?yàn)樽岅?yáng)光進(jìn)入房間，并且為房間提供熱源，所以節(jié)約了能源。第二段說(shuō)，窗戶使人們能接觸外部世界。所以B、C和D都說(shuō)明了窗戶的重要性。第一段最后一句說(shuō)，研究者正在實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)茏尨皯糇儞Q亮度，但并沒(méi)有說(shuō)已經(jīng)實(shí)驗(yàn)成功，所以A是錯(cuò)誤的說(shuō)法，是正確選擇。

2． D 短文第三段的第一句說(shuō)：windows are the weak link in a building，接下來(lái)是對(duì)這句話分寒冬和炎夏做了說(shuō)明。所以D是正確選擇。

3． C 第四段告訴我們，多年來(lái)，科學(xué)家已研究出多種通過(guò)窗戶節(jié)能的辦法，而smart windows 使用的技術(shù)使窗戶能變換顏色。所以C是正確選擇。

4． B 第五段第二句提供了答案。a sheet of glass coated with thin layers of chemical compound such as tungsten oxide中的coated是“涂上一層薄薄的……”的意思。

5． C 短文最后一段的第五句提供了答案。