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Citizen Scientists

Understanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle1 events-flowering, the appearance of leaves, the first frog calls of the spring - all around the world. But ecologists can't be everywhere so they're turning to non-scientists, sometimes called citizen scientists, for help.

Climate scientists are not present everywhere. Because there are so many places in the world and not enough scientists to observe all of them, they're asking for your help in observing signs of climate change across the world. The citizen scientist movement encourages ordinary people to observe a very specific research interest - birds, trees, flowers budding, etc. - and send their observations to a giant database to be observed by professional scientists. This helps a small number of scientists track a large amount of data that they would never be able to gather on their own. Much like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a hyper-local beat2, citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live. All that's needed to become one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and send it3 in.

A group of scientists and educators launched an organization last year called the National Pheonology4 Network. "Phenology" is what scientists call the study of the timing of events in nature.

One of the group's first efforts relies on scientists and non-scientists alike to collect data about plant flowering and leafing every year. The program, called Project BudBurst, collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the United States. People participating in the project - which is open to everyone - record their observations on the Project BudBurst website.

"People don't have to be plant experts -they just have to look around and see what's in their neighborhood," says Jennifer Schwartz, an education consultant with the project. "As we collect this data, we'll be able to make an estimate of how plants and eommunities5 of plants and animals will respond as the climate changes."

詞匯：

Frog n. 蛙 Ecologist n.生態(tài)學(xué)家 Phenology n.物候?qū)W Bud v.發(fā)芽，萌芽；n.芽，花蕾

Neighbor(u)rhood n.近鄰；鄰近地區(qū) Database n.數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)

Professional adj.專業(yè)的，職業(yè)的；n.職業(yè)選手，專業(yè)人員

注釋：

1. life cycle：生命周期，即生物發(fā)展過(guò)程的系列變化。

2. hyper-local beat: beat 在此做名詞用，意思是：某類新聞報(bào)道，如，a business beat； 商業(yè)專題報(bào)道。這是近年來(lái)出現(xiàn)的新詞。Hyper-local beat 即 hyper-local news，指 的是被傳統(tǒng)新聞報(bào)道方式所忽略的小型社區(qū)或居民居住區(qū)里發(fā)生的相關(guān)信息報(bào)道。在美 國(guó)由此而誕生了 hyper-local news website，專門(mén)對(duì)主流媒體所沒(méi)有覆蓋的地區(qū)所發(fā)生 的事件進(jìn)行報(bào)道，其形式多以網(wǎng)民，即短文中所提及的 citizen journalists，上傳所 在社區(qū)發(fā)生的事件報(bào)道、照片或視頻為主。這是網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)代產(chǎn)生的又一新生事物。

3. data 是復(fù)數(shù)形式，但常用做單數(shù)，所以這里的代詞是 it。另參見(jiàn) 最后 一段“As we collect this data, ...”。這里的 data 也用作單數(shù)。

4. phenology：物候?qū)W或生物氣候?qū)W，是氣候?qū)W和生態(tài)學(xué)的邊緣學(xué)科，主要研究氣候環(huán)境 對(duì)生物的影響。

5. communities：生態(tài)學(xué)詞匯：生物群落，記載比較相似的環(huán)境條件下在特定自然區(qū)域或 環(huán)境中生活和互相影響的一群植物和動(dòng)物。

練習(xí)：

1. Ecologists turn to non-scientist citizens for help because they need them

A) to provide their personal life cycles. B) to observe the life cycle of plants.

C) to collect data of the life cycle of living things. D) to teach children knowledge about climate change.

2. What are citizen scientists asked to do?

A) To develop a specific research interest and become professional scientists.

B) To send their research observations to a professional database.

C) To increase their knowledge about climate change.

D) To keep a record of their research observations.

3. In "All that's needed to become one... (paragraph 2) ", what does the word "one" stands for?

A) a citizen journalist. B) a citizen scientist. C) a scientist. D) a citizen.

4. What is NOT true of Project BudBurst?

A) Only experts can participate in it. B) Everybody can participate in it.

C) It collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants. D) It has its own website.

5. What is the final purpose of Project BudBurst?

A) To study when plants will have their first buds.

B) To find out the types of plants in the neighborhood.

C) To collect life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the

United States.

D) To investigate how plants and animals will respond as the climate changes.

答案與題解：

1. C第一段和第二段的第一句告訴我們，要在世界范圍內(nèi)觀察氣候?qū)Υ笞匀恢猩�物生命�?期的影響，數(shù)量有限的科學(xué)家不可能足跡遍及天下，為此科學(xué)家求助于普通公民的參與 。 所以 C 是正確選擇。

2. B第二段第三句中 encourage ordinary people to observe…的主語(yǔ)是 The citizen scientist movement，即公民參與科學(xué)觀察的運(yùn)動(dòng)。所以 D 不是正確選擇。A 和 C 不符 合文章的句意，因此也不是正確的選擇。這個(gè)句子的大意是：這一運(yùn)動(dòng)鼓勵(lì)普通公民根 據(jù)自己的興趣愛(ài)好進(jìn)行科學(xué)觀察，并將觀察結(jié)果送交數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，讓專門(mén)領(lǐng)域的科學(xué)家做進(jìn) 一步的觀察。B 正確表達(dá)了這個(gè)意思。

3. B one 在 這 里 是 一 個(gè) 代 詞 ， 其 前 置 詞 是 citizen scientists ， 而 不 是 citizen journalists，這里的 one 指的是 one of citizen scientists。所以 A、C 和 D 都不是 正確選擇。這個(gè)句子的意思是，只要每天或每星期花上幾分鐘收集數(shù)據(jù)并發(fā)送出去，就 能成為一個(gè)公民科學(xué)家。

4. A 文章最后一段說(shuō)，這個(gè)計(jì)劃向所有人開(kāi)放（open to everyone），所以應(yīng)選擇 A。B，C，D 所述內(nèi)容都在該段中提到。

5. D C 表述的內(nèi)容是 Project Budburst 所要做的工作，但其最終的目的不僅僅是收集數(shù)據(jù)，而是研究氣候變化對(duì)生物生命周期的影響。因此，D 才是正確答案。