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Plants and Mankind

Botany, the study of plants, occupies a peculiar position in the history of human knowledge. We don't know what our Stone Age1 ancestors knew about plants, but from what we can observe of preindustrial societies that still exist, a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient2. This is logical. Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things, even for other plants. They have always been enormously important to the welfare of people, not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes3, medicines, shelter, and many other purposes. Tribes living today in the jungle of the Amazon4 recognize hundreds of plants and know many properties of each. To them botany has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of "knowledge" at all.

Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows. Yet everyone comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge5, and few people will fail to recognize a rose, an apple, or an orchid6. When our Neolithic7 ancestors, living in the Middle East about 10,000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season, the first great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken. Grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture: cultivated crops. From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild and the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away8 .

詞匯:

botany ['b?t?ni] n.植物學

yield [ji:ld] n. 產(chǎn)量，收益

detailed ['di:teild] adj.詳細的，詳盡的

marvel ['mɑ:v?l] n. 令人驚奇的事（人），奇跡

property ['pr?p?ti] n. （1）特征（2）財產(chǎn)，資產(chǎn)

logical ['l?d?ik?l] adj. 邏輯的，合乎邏輯的

variety [v?'rai?ti] n.（1）品種，變種 （2）變化，多樣化

pyramid ['pir?mid] n.金字塔 職稱英語考試

welfare ['welfε?] n. 福利，幸福，康樂

accumulate [?'kju:mjuleit] vt.積累，積聚

intimacy ['intim?si] n. 親近，親密

注釋：

1. Stone Age: 石器時代

2. …a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient:…… 對植物及其特點的詳細了解一定非常久遠。

3. dye : 染料

4. the Amazon :亞馬孫河

5. Yet everyone comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge … 而每個人都會在無意識中獲得大量的植物知識，……come on : （偶然）遇見；（偶然）發(fā)現(xiàn)。又如：I came on this idea by pure chance. 我有這個想法純偶然。

6. orchid: 蘭花

7. Neolithic: 新石器時代

8. From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild and the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away:從那時起，人類就越來越多地從可控制的幾種植物的種植中獲取生計，而不是從野生的眾多種類中東采一點，西摘一點。在數(shù)萬年的經(jīng)驗中積累起來的知識以及與大自然中各種植物的緊密聯(lián)系也就開始消失。 take their living from…:靠……過活。

1. It is logical that a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient.(一段)

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

2. People can not survive without plants. (一段)

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

3. Tribes living today in the jungle of the Amazon teach botany to their children at school. (一段)

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

4. Our direct contact with plants grows with the process of industrialization. (二段)

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

5. Today people usually acquire a large amount of botanical knowledge from textbooks.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

6. People living in the Middle East first learned to grow plants for food about 10,000 years ago. (二段)

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

7. Once mankind began farming, they no longer had to get food from many varieties that grew wild. (二段)

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

答案及題解：

1.A 文章第一段第三句話中的指示詞“This”回指上一句話中的陳述，即“關于植物及其特點的詳細知識一定由來已久”。

2. A 第二段降到植物對于人類而言是極為重要的，為人類提供了食物、衣服、工具、藥物等生活必需品。

3. B 第一段結尾部分提到現(xiàn)今仍生活在亞馬孫叢林中的部落能識別成百上千種植物及其特性，但在他們的詞匯中還沒有“植物學”這個詞，甚至有可能不承認“植物學”是專門的知識。因此在學校中不可能設該課。

4. B 第二段第一句話說工業(yè)化的程度越高，我們與職務的直接接觸就越少。

5. B 第二段中說人們無意識地獲得了大量植物學知識，由此可以退出這些知識不是從教科書中獲得的。

6. A 第二段提到當生活在大約一萬年前中東地區(qū)的人們發(fā)現(xiàn)從某些禾本植物中可以收獲糧食，并且播種后下一個收獲季節(jié)還能產(chǎn)出更多的糧食時，農(nóng)業(yè)就出現(xiàn)了。

7. B 第二段末尾講從大約一萬年前開始從事農(nóng)耕時起，人們逐漸地停止采食也過，這是因為萌芽時期的農(nóng)耕技術還十分落后，人們還不能從中獲得足夠的糧食。